This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American While second nature to many of us, driving a ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Dogs were trained to press a pedal to avoid shock. They were then operantly reinforced for making or for refraining from making a series of ...

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to associate doggie dinner with the sound of a bell — and so trained them to reflexively salivate when they heard ...