Power systems today operate in an environment where reliability and safety must be maintained despite rising loads, expanding interconnections, and increasing dependence on distributed energy ...

Due to the rise in power consumption in recent years, the rated capacity of the power system has increased, resulting in an increase in the presence of Distributed Generators (DGs) in electrical ...

The objective of protective relays and protective schemes is to protect electrical equipment such as transformers, lines, cables, bus bars, etc. during abnormal system conditions. Hence, protective ...