The variance-ratio (VR) test statistic, which is based on k-period differences of the data, is commonly used in empirical finance and economics to test the random walk hypothesis. We obtain the ...

There is considerable interest in whether exchange rates behave like martingales. Liu and He tested the martingale hypothesis for exchange rates using the variance-ratio methodology of Lo and ...

In most GWAS, the participants are assumed to be unrelated and to come from a single population. However, even in carefully designed studies, some degrees of relatedness and population stratification ...