X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is based on the same principle as all photoelectron spectroscopy methods. If a molecule or material is irradiated with light of a known energy above the ionization ...

The basic physical process of irradiating a material with photons of a known energy and measuring the ejected photoelectrons has remained unchanged over six decades since it was first commercialized.

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

The initial oxidation behavior of metallic copper, tin, and three single-phase Cu-Sn alloys (an $\alpha$ phase solid solution alloy, and the intermetallic compounds ...

Thermo Fisher Scientific has introduced the Thermo Scientific™ Hypulse™ Surface Analysis System, designed to advance X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling for materials research. The ...

Graphene is a single-atom-thick carbon sheet discovered in 2004. The crucial question during graphene synthesis is, "How do I know that the material I'm making is actually single-atom thick?" Because ...

An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is an impressive bit of kit. The relatively low energy of the detected photoelectrons dictates that the experiments are performed in ultra-high vacuum. The ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...